Fantasy Mindscape:
Breathing Life into Characters Through Psychology

19.  The DSM for Fantasy Writers

Welcome to the chapter where the worlds of psychology and fantasy fiction intersect in a way that is both enlightening and meaningful. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as an invaluable resource in the fields of psychology and psychiatry, offering comprehensive classifications of mental health conditions. While the DSM is primarily a clinical tool, it can also provide an incredible wellspring of inspiration for writers, particularly those who wish to infuse their characters with a depth and complexity that mirrors the intricacies of the human psyche.

However, it is essential to approach this topic with sensitivity and respect. The objective of this chapter is not to reduce characters to mere diagnoses or symptoms, but to offer you, as a writer, a nuanced understanding of various psychological conditions. In doing so, you can create characters that are not only multidimensional but also authentic and relatable, enriching the emotional impact of your narratives. Mental health conditions are a reality for countless individuals, and portraying these conditions accurately can destigmatize mental health issues while also educating your audience.

Finally, it’s imperative to issue a word of caution: Writing about mental health comes with ethical responsibilities. Inaccurate or insensitive portrayals can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and contribute to the stigmatization of people who experience mental health conditions. Therefore, as we explore this fascinating intersection of psychology and character development, let’s do so with the understanding that our words have power—to harm, but also to heal, enlighten, and deepen our collective human experience.

In the sections that follow, we’ll delve into common diagnoses—from mood disorders to personality disorders and more. Each section will discuss how these conditions could manifest in a character’s personality, relationships, and behaviors. By the end of this chapter, you’ll be armed with insights that will allow you to create characters as complex, flawed, and profoundly human as the readers who will come to love or loathe them.

Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety disorders encompass a range of conditions, such as Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Social Anxiety Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). These disorders involve excessive, prolonged worry and fear, which can manifest in both physical and psychological symptoms. In a fantasy setting, these traits can add layers of depth to characters, making their challenges more relatable and their victories more rewarding.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent and excessive worry about a number of different things. People with GAD may anticipate disaster and may be overly concerned about money, health, family, work, or other issues. To be diagnosed with GAD, a person must experience excessive worry or anxiety for at least six months and have at least three symptoms including restlessness, fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.

In a fantasy setting, characters with GAD can offer a unique dynamic that complements or contrasts with external conflicts. For instance, consider a knight who is already burdened with the duty of a perilous quest. Though outwardly formidable, they’re internally paralyzed by the multitude of potential outcomes and consequences of their mission—ranging from failing to save the kingdom to the danger that the journey poses to their fellow travelers. Alternatively, imagine a soothsayer who has the gift of prophecy but can’t stop fretting over the manifold interpretations and possible futures that their visions might represent. This internal struggle offers a counterpoint to the external challenges they face, adding layers of complexity to the character and the plot.

o write characters with GAD effectively and respectfully, a few considerations are essential. Firstly, it’s crucial to avoid using the disorder as a mere plot device or stereotype; the condition should be part of a fully fleshed-out character who exists as more than just their anxiety. Secondly, research is vital. Consult reliable sources to understand the nature of GAD, its symptoms, and its impact on a person’s life. This can help you portray the disorder more accurately and empathetically. Finally, consider the growth arc for your character. While GAD is a chronic condition that may not necessarily be “cured,” it can be managed. Your character might learn coping mechanisms or form relationships that help them better manage their anxiety, serving as an element of character development throughout your story. By doing so, you can craft a narrative that is not only engaging but also enriching and respectful.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Social Anxiety Disorder, also known as social phobia, is characterized by intense fear or anxiety triggered by social situations. This can manifest as a fear of being judged, negatively evaluated, or rejected in a social or performance situation. Diagnostic criteria often include avoiding social situations altogether or enduring them with intense distress, as well as physical symptoms like sweating, trembling, or a rapid heart rate. The anxiety must be persistent, typically lasting for six months or more, to be considered a disorder.

In a fantasy world filled with grand courts, guild meetings, and village gatherings, Social Anxiety Disorder can add depth and complexity to a character’s arc. Consider a princess who is next in line for the throne but experiences debilitating social anxiety. While she might be brilliant in politics and genuinely cares for her subjects, her fear of social interactions could make diplomatic gatherings a torment and public speeches a nightmare. 

Her journey isn’t just about navigating political landscapes, forming alliances, or learning to rule; it’s also about conquering her own inner demons to lead her people effectively. Her struggle with social anxiety could affect her initial effectiveness as a leader and make her relationships with other characters more complex, providing numerous opportunities for tension and growth.

To portray social anxiety disorder accurately and respectfully, writers should avoid reducing the condition to simplistic stereotypes or using it solely for comic relief. Research the disorder well, understanding its symptoms, triggers, and the range of experiences those who suffer from it might go through. It’s also crucial to think about how the character with social anxiety interacts with other characters and how they might respond to her condition. Would they be empathetic, dismissive, or even exploitative? How does her condition affect her decision-making and opportunities for growth? 

Lastly, as with any condition, the character’s disorder should be only one aspect of a multi-faceted personality. While their journey may include managing or even overcoming their anxiety to some extent, the condition isn’t something to be “cured” as a quick fix for character development. Instead, it should be treated with the same dignity, depth, and respect that would be accorded to any other significant life challenge.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or thoughts (compulsions) that the person feels driven to perform. The behaviors or mental acts are intended to prevent or reduce distress, but they are often not connected to the event they aim to prevent, or they are clearly excessive. Diagnosis generally requires that the obsessions or compulsions cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning and take up a significant amount of time.

In a fantasy setting, OCD can manifest in intriguing and fantastical ways that reflect the unique elements of the world. Imagine a wizard who feels compelled to perform each spell three times to ensure its effectiveness—even though casting it once would be sufficient. The repetition could delay important events, waste precious magical resources, or put the wizard and his companions in perilous situations. Similarly, a blacksmith might be obsessed with forging the perfect blade, throwing away any creations with even the slightest imperfection. This could lead to significant conflict within a guild or among a group of rebels who rely on his weapons, not to mention the internal turmoil experienced by the blacksmith himself.

When portraying OCD in your writing, it’s crucial to avoid stigmatization or overly dramatized depictions. Familiarize yourself with the disorder to offer an authentic representation, and consult reputable sources or experts as needed. The symptoms should not define the character; rather, they should add an additional layer of complexity. While the compulsions and obsessions might add drama or tension, they should be handled respectfully and realistically. 

It’s also important to think about how the character’s OCD affects the dynamics of relationships with other characters. Are they empathetic and patient, or do they find the compulsions irritating? Does the character with OCD have allies who help them manage their symptoms, or are they faced with discrimination? Lastly, if the character experiences any form of recovery or learns to manage the symptoms, this should be portrayed in a responsible manner—quick fixes or magical cures could trivialize the challenges faced by those with the disorder. Instead, focus on the character’s journey toward understanding and coping with their condition as one aspect of their overall growth.

Fantasy Example

Take, for example, Bilbo Baggins from J.R.R. Tolkien’s “The Hobbit.” While not explicitly diagnosed, Bilbo exhibits signs of social anxiety, especially when faced with unexpected guests and unforeseen adventures. His initial hesitation and discomfort in social situations are elements that make his eventual courage and heroism stand out. The contrast between his inner anxieties and external actions adds nuance to his character and makes his development more engaging.

Incorporating anxiety disorders into your fantasy narrative can create multidimensional characters who must navigate both their inner world and the fantastical world around them. These internal challenges can serve to amplify the external conflicts in the story, creating a rich, layered narrative that deeply resonates with readers.

Personality Disorders

Personality Disorders involve enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture. These are not episodic, but rather long-term ways of interacting with the world and others. They include disorders like Borderline Personality Disorder, Narcissistic Personality Disorder, and Antisocial Personality Disorder. In the context of a fantasy world, these disorders can add complexity to characters, making them unpredictable, challenging, and memorable.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotional regulation. Individuals with BPD may exhibit impulsive behavior and struggle with a fear of abandonment. To be diagnosed with BPD, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) outlines several criteria, including emotional instability, impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging, chronic feelings of emptiness, and inappropriate or intense anger. It’s crucial to consult qualified mental health experts and texts for an in-depth understanding when portraying this complex disorder in your writing.

In a fantasy setting, a character with BPD can add a layer of unpredictability and emotional depth to the story. Imagine a rogue who quickly becomes attached to a group of adventurers. While initially charming and highly cooperative, the rogue reacts impulsively and emotionally to what they perceive as slights or betrayals. One moment they might be the life of the campfire gathering, and the next they could be accusing a comrade of treason with a blade at their throat. Such behavior could create tension within the group, forcing members to walk on eggshells and raising questions about loyalty and trust. The rogue’s volatility might make for an unstable but compelling alliance, especially in high-stakes situations where teamwork is crucial.

When writing characters with BPD, it is essential to handle the subject matter sensitively and avoid reinforcing stereotypes or stigmas associated with the disorder. Make sure to do ample research, and if possible, consult with mental health professionals to portray the condition realistically and respectfully. Like any other character, those with BPD should be multidimensional, with goals, dreams, and redeeming qualities, not defined solely by their mental health condition. 

Their journey could involve not just external adventures but also internal growth, perhaps finding ways to manage their emotional swings or improve their interpersonal relationships. It’s also worth considering how the character’s condition affects those around them: do other characters grow more empathetic, or do misunderstandings lead to rifts that need healing? Either way, the portrayal should be nuanced, showing the trials and also the strengths of the character with BPD, offering a complex but respectful depiction.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is characterized by a long-term pattern of exaggerated self-importance, the need for excessive attention and admiration, and a lack of empathy for others. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) specifies that to be diagnosed with NPD, an individual must exhibit at least five of nine specific narcissistic traits, such as a grandiose sense of self-importance, fantasies of unlimited success or power, and a belief that they are special and should only associate with high-status people or institutions. If you choose to incorporate a character with NPD into your fantasy narrative, a comprehensive understanding of the disorder is crucial, and consulting qualified mental health experts is advised.

In the world of fantasy, NPD could be represented through a charismatic but arrogant prince who believes he is the divinely chosen ruler. Disregarding the counsel and feelings of those around him, he makes unilateral decisions that impact the kingdom. His inflated sense of self-importance might cause him to undertake a perilous quest, believing only he can achieve the impossible. This could result in a conflict where his delusions of grandeur clash harshly with the reality of his kingdom’s needs, external threats, or the shortcomings of his own abilities. Such a character could serve as either a complex antagonist whose actions push other characters into action, or as a flawed protagonist who must come to terms with his limitations in a journey of personal growth.

Writing a character with NPD requires careful consideration to avoid perpetuating harmful stereotypes or making light of a serious mental health condition. When portraying this character, it’s crucial to delve deeper into their psychology to understand the fragility that often underlies the narcissistic facade. The disorder often masks a very fragile self-esteem and an extreme sensitivity to criticism. 

As a writer, you can explore these vulnerabilities in moments of crisis or failure for the character. Perhaps a setback on the quest causes him to question his “divine right,” or repeated counsel from a wise advisor begins to pierce his armor of arrogance. Like all individuals, characters with NPD should be portrayed as multifaceted beings who have the potential for change, growth, and even redemption. Their story arc can provide a compelling narrative force, driving both external and internal conflicts in the story.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others and the rules of society. Individuals with this disorder often engage in manipulative, deceitful, or exploitative behavior and may have difficulties forming emotional connections. They can display recklessness, impulsivity, and a consistent irresponsibility in work and interpersonal relationships. Diagnosis often requires a long-term pattern of such behaviors and attitudes, usually observed by late adolescence. When depicting characters with ASPD, it is critical to consult mental health experts and to avoid stereotyping or overly dramatizing the condition.

In a fantasy setting, a character with ASPD could make for a fearsome villain or a complicated hero. Take, for instance, a pirate captain indifferent to the moralities and laws of kingdoms. He might pillage ships and coastal towns for personal gain, seeing other people as mere tools to be used or obstacles to be removed. This could provide an intense degree of external conflict in the story, as other characters must deal with the threats he poses. But it can also introduce an interesting internal dynamic within the crew, especially if some crew members are more morally inclined or if there’s a mutiny brewing.

However, it’s crucial to handle the portrayal of ASPD carefully. Rather than reducing the character to a mere “bad guy” stereotype, delve into the complexities of their personality. Perhaps the pirate captain is a tactical genius, whose calculated risks have elevated him to a position of power and respect among his crew. Maybe he wasn’t always this way; perhaps there’s a backstory that explains, though not justifies, his current behavior. ASPD is a personality disorder, not a one-dimensional ticket to villainy.

Also, consider the possible arc or evolution of this character. While ASPD is a serious disorder that doesn’t simply go away, people can change their behaviors to some extent, especially when given strong enough reasons to do so. Maybe the pirate captain encounters a situation or person that forces him to reconsider his ways, even if the change is gradual or minor.

Writing about a character with ASPD comes with ethical responsibilities. Ensure that you’re not perpetuating harmful stereotypes or misconceptions about the disorder. Show the character as a fully fleshed-out individual with a personality, motivations, and perhaps vulnerabilities, rather than just a label or set of symptoms. This will not only be more respectful to individuals who have the disorder but will also make for a more engaging and multi-dimensional character in your story.

Fantasy Example

Consider Cersei Lannister from George R.R. Martin’s “A Song of Ice and Fire” series. While not explicitly diagnosed, Cersei shows traits akin to Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Her actions and manipulations stem from an exaggerated sense of her own importance and a lack of empathy for others. Yet, she is not a one-dimensional character; she has her motivations and vulnerabilities, which add layers of complexity.

Incorporating personality disorders into your characters can provide a fertile ground for emotional and psychological depth. Not only do they offer intriguing challenges for the characters to overcome, or fail to overcome, but they also present unique opportunities for interpersonal drama and tension, enriching your story’s emotional landscape.

Mood Disorders

Mood disorders like depression, bipolar disorder, and seasonal affective disorder significantly affect a person’s emotional state. These disorders offer a compelling backdrop against which to develop a character’s internal and external struggles. However, it’s essential to treat these conditions with the respect and nuance they deserve, avoiding stigmatization or oversimplification.

Depression

Depression is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in life. To be diagnosed, these symptoms must be present most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks. It’s crucial to consult with mental health experts when writing about depression and to handle the topic with sensitivity, avoiding harmful stereotypes or misunderstandings about the condition. People with depression are not merely “sad”; they are grappling with a complex emotional and physiological condition that affects all aspects of their lives.

In a fantasy world, depression could add an unexpected layer of complexity to a wise sage character. Imagine someone who has seemingly endless knowledge, maybe even some degree of magical ability, yet finds it exceedingly difficult to experience joy or to take any meaningful action. This could serve as both an internal and external challenge for the character and those around them. On the inside, the sage must grapple with the emotional numbness and despair that comes with depression, making even small tasks feel Sisyphean. On the outside, this could put them in conflict with other characters who rely on their wisdom and skills but find them unreliable or disengaged.

For writers, the character’s depression shouldn’t be used as a simple plot device or to make them seem “deep.” The portrayal should be nuanced and rooted in an understanding of the condition. How does their depression affect their daily rituals, their social interactions, or their magical practices? Are there specific triggers in their environment that make it worse? Addressing these questions can add depth to the character and make their struggles more relatable to readers.

Depression can also serve as a catalyst for the sage’s character arc. Maybe their journey is not just about external conflicts but also about their internal struggle with depression. Perhaps they seek a magical artifact believed to lift their despair or embark on a quest to find a rare herb with healing properties. Their progress could be measured not just in miles traveled or foes defeated, but in their growing ability to engage with life and experience moments of genuine emotion or pleasure.

Finally, it’s essential to approach the subject with the respect and dignity it deserves. Depression is a real and serious mental health issue that affects millions of people. The topic should be approached with the same level of care and complexity that you would apply to any other major aspect of your character’s identity. This not only honors the experiences of individuals who have dealt with depression but also enriches your storytelling by adding layers of authenticity and emotional depth.

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder presents a particularly dynamic emotional landscape that can bring both tension and depth to your characters. A mage, for instance, might exhibit overwhelming power during manic phases, casting spells that can change the fate of kingdoms. Yet, during depressive episodes, the same mage could find even the simplest incantation agonizingly out of reach. This cyclical unpredictability not only adds a layer of complexity to the character but also introduces high-stakes variables into quests, battles, or other crucial moments in your narrative. The interplay between manic and depressive phases can drive the character’s personal arc and affect the overall plot in unique ways.

Writing about bipolar disorder requires careful consideration and a nuanced understanding of the condition. During manic phases, your character might undertake overly ambitious quests, make impulsive decisions, or get entangled in complex magical experiments—only to lose all drive and face extreme difficulties during depressive phases. When writing about bipolar characters, consider how their condition would affect their relationships. A companion may grow concerned or even afraid during the mage’s manic phase, then feel helpless during the depressive phase. Like with depression, it’s crucial to research the realities of bipolar disorder to offer a thoughtful and respectful portrayal. Consult medical literature, or speak with experts or those who have experience with the condition.

Adding bipolar disorder to a character’s profile is not merely a plot device; it’s a representation that demands authenticity and sensitivity. Fantasy fiction, with its often outsized emotions and high-stakes scenarios, provides a compelling backdrop against which to explore such a complex condition. Yet it is crucial to avoid stigmatizing or oversimplifying the disorder for the sake of drama or convenience. Instead, use it as an opportunity to delve into the intricacies of human emotion, creating characters that resonate with readers both as compelling figures in a fantastical setting and as relatable individuals grappling with serious, real-world issues.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that occurs at specific times of the year, most commonly in the fall and winter when daylight is scarce. Diagnostic criteria often include having symptoms of major depression coinciding with specific seasons for at least two years, with seasonal depressions being much more frequent than other depressive episodes throughout one’s life. Symptoms may include feeling depressed, losing interest in activities, experiencing changes in sleep and weight, and having difficulty concentrating.

In a fantasy setting, especially one where seasons are exaggerated or carry mystical significance, Seasonal Affective Disorder can make for a rich character element. Picture a guardian of an ancient forest who is vibrant and energetic during the long summer days, effectively defending the woodland realm against all threats. But as winter approaches and the days shorten, the guardian becomes increasingly lethargic, withdrawn, and ineffective in their duties. This not only puts the forest at risk but can also serve as a plot point that needs to be resolved, perhaps through a quest for a magical artifact that can alleviate the guardian’s symptoms or a ritual that can alter the season within the forest.

When incorporating Seasonal Affective Disorder into your character’s profile, it’s important to treat the condition with the nuance and sensitivity it deserves. The transition from one season to another can be a visual and emotional marker in your narrative, subtly showing the audience the deepening of the character’s struggles. Make sure to research the disorder to portray it accurately, consulting scientific literature and firsthand accounts when possible. Just like with other mental health conditions, your aim should be to present a balanced, respectful portrayal that neither trivializes nor sensationalizes the disorder. By doing so, you can add depth to your characters and create narratives that resonate emotionally, all while treating the subject matter with the dignity it merits.

Ethical Considerations

Writing about mood disorders requires a delicate balance. It is crucial not to romanticize or trivialize these conditions but instead to present them as complex issues that don’t define the character but are part of their life experience. Always research thoroughly to ensure accurate and sensitive portrayals.

Fantasy Example

In J.K. Rowling’s “Harry Potter” series, the character of Remus Lupin could be seen as an allegory for someone with a mood disorder. While not explicitly diagnosed, Lupin’s lycanthropy, which causes him to become a werewolf at the full moon, impacts his mood and self-esteem substantially. During the lead-up to his transformations, he becomes increasingly irritable and withdrawn, affecting his relationships and job performance. Despite this, he remains a complex character loved by many, showing that his condition doesn’t define him but adds another layer to his personality.

Mood disorders can deepen your characters’ struggles and conflicts, impacting not only their personal lives but also their interactions with others in the fantasy world you’ve built. They can drive internal and external conflicts, create stakes, and offer opportunities for character growth or tragedy. But remember, proper research and a sensitive approach are key to portraying these disorders respectfully and effectively.

Psychotic Disorders

Psychotic disorders, such as Schizophrenia and Delusional Disorder, involve distorted awareness and thinking, including hallucinations and delusions. While these disorders can be fascinating subjects for storytelling, it’s critical to remember the importance of accurate and respectful representation. When incorporating characters with psychotic disorders, writers should refrain from perpetuating stigmas and stereotypes that contribute to misunderstandings and discrimination against people with these conditions.

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a complex and often misunderstood mental health condition characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and impaired insight. The diagnosis is made through a comprehensive clinical assessment, as there are no laboratory tests for schizophrenia. If you choose to incorporate a character with this condition into your story, it is essential to do so with sensitivity, avoiding stereotypes or stigmatizing portrayals. Consulting with mental health experts and conducting thorough research can help you create a nuanced, respectful depiction.

In a fantasy setting, a character with schizophrenia might be profoundly disconnected from what most people consider to be reality. They could experience auditory or visual hallucinations or show intensely convoluted thought processes. These symptoms can be particularly engaging in a fantasy world, as it leaves room for exploration. For example, what if some of the character’s hallucinations or delusions hold a kernel of some hidden truth? This could be a compelling dynamic, offering a unique blend of vulnerability and possible insight that other characters don’t have.

The relationships such a character forms with others would likely be strained due to their distorted perceptions of reality. This offers multiple avenues for narrative tension and conflict. Perhaps fellow adventurers find it challenging to trust this character fully, or maybe they become deeply empathetic and aim to find a cure. The perceptions of other characters might also vary widely, with some seeing the individual as cursed, others as “touched” by some divine or magical force, and still others as a mere oddity.

Behavior-wise, this character could range from being socially withdrawn to engaging in more extroverted but confusing or unsettling behaviors. In a quest-based narrative, for example, this unpredictability could become a significant plot point. Maybe the character’s actions inadvertently lead the party into danger—or, conversely, reveal an unexpected way out of a difficult situation. The group’s dynamics could shift based on how they respond to these unpredictable actions, adding layers of complexity to the story.

Delusional Disorder

Delusional disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by the presence of one or more delusions that persist for at least one month. These delusions are false beliefs that the individual holds with unshakable conviction, despite evidence to the contrary. The condition is distinct from schizophrenia and often lacks the hallucinations and other symptoms commonly associated with that disorder. When incorporating a character with a delusional disorder into your narrative, consult reputable sources or experts to ensure you’re portraying this complex condition respectfully and accurately.

In a fantasy setting, a character with a delusional disorder could be intriguing and contribute to heightened tensions within the story. Consider a high-ranking cleric who is unwaveringly convinced of an imminent apocalypse or believes they understand the will of the gods in a way that contradicts the established doctrine. Such a character could wield considerable influence, and their delusions could have far-reaching implications for the world you’ve built. Their convictions could even lead them to undertake actions like launching a holy crusade or sacrificing valuable resources to appease deities, actions that would inevitably create conflict with other characters and institutions.

Interpersonal relationships would be challenging for this character, as their firmly held delusions would create a chasm between their understanding of reality and that of those around them. This becomes especially problematic if the character holds a position of power or leadership. Other characters may initially try to reason with them but could eventually become alienated, wary, or even openly defiant. These strained relationships add layers to group dynamics and create a fertile ground for both external and internal conflicts in your story.

The actions of a character with a delusional disorder could drive significant plot points. They might make critical decisions based on their delusions, setting into motion a chain of events that other characters must navigate. For example, if the cleric insists on leading their followers into a perilous quest based on their unfounded beliefs, other characters might have to decide whether to defy or follow them, each choice with its own set of consequences.

In portraying mental health conditions like delusional disorder, it is vital to approach the topic sensitively and avoid perpetuating stereotypes. Delusional individuals are not merely “crazy” or “irrational,” but people grappling with a very real for them, albeit distorted, understanding of the world. By humanizing your character and offering them depth beyond their disorder, you not only enrich your narrative but also contribute to a more nuanced and respectful discussion surrounding mental health.

Fantasy Example

In J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series, though not explicitly diagnosed, the character of Bellatrix Lestrange exhibits traits akin to delusional disorder. She possesses an unshakable, irrational belief in the righteousness of Voldemort’s cause, and her actions are completely driven by her delusions about blood purity and power. It adds an element of unpredictability and danger to her character while also making her motivations comprehensible, if not sympathetic.

Characters with psychotic disorders can add unforeseen complexities and layers to your narrative. However, they should be portrayed carefully, avoiding stereotypes and stigmas, to enrich the storyline and to create a more accurate reflection of the challenges that individuals with psychotic disorders face.

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Trauma- and stressor-related disorders, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Acute Stress Disorder, are particularly relevant in the often-gritty world of fantasy fiction where characters routinely face life-altering events. From battles and betrayals to the loss of loved ones, trauma is a frequent element. While these disorders can provide rich soil for character development and plot, it’s crucial to handle them sensitively and accurately to avoid perpetuating harmful stereotypes and misunderstandings.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a terrifying event. Symptoms include flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, intrusive thoughts, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event. If you’re considering writing a character with PTSD, it’s crucial to do thorough research or consult experts to accurately and sensitively portray this complex condition. Reducing a character to their trauma not only does a disservice to the narrative but also perpetuates harmful stereotypes about mental health.

Incorporating a character with PTSD into your story can add layers of complexity and emotional depth. Given the nature of their condition, such characters may struggle with forming emotional connections, often as a protective mechanism to avoid triggers or emotional pain. For instance, a seasoned warrior might shun camaraderie, isolating themselves to avoid reminders of past horrors. This presents an intriguing dynamic in group settings, as other characters might attempt to understand or befriend the person with PTSD. It sets up an emotional tug-of-war that can serve as a subtext throughout the narrative, adding layers to character interactions and relationships.

Avoidance and hypervigilance are two behaviors commonly associated with PTSD, and they can be compellingly portrayed in a fantasy context. A warrior suffering from PTSD might go out of their way to avoid places reminiscent of past battles, impacting the group’s journey or strategy. Alternatively, they might be excessively alert, even in settings where there’s no obvious threat. This hypervigilance can manifest in various ways—perhaps they’re the last to sleep and the first to wake, or maybe they’re overly cautious when meeting new people or entering unknown territories. Such behaviors can heighten tension in the narrative and contribute to plot developments. They can also offer opportunities for other characters to either misinterpret these actions or gain insight into the character’s trauma, leading to a wide range of possible interactions and outcomes.

Importantly, while the condition adds depth to the character, it should not be their defining trait. A person is much more than their PTSD symptoms. The character could have ambitions, skills, or personality traits unrelated to their condition, making them well-rounded and multi-dimensional. For example, the seasoned warrior might be a gifted tactician, or perhaps they have a talent for diplomacy. These additional facets of their personality can interact with their PTSD in complex ways, perhaps either mitigating or exacerbating their symptoms depending on the situation.

In sum, while a character with PTSD can add emotional and psychological layers to your story, it’s critical to approach the representation of this condition with sensitivity and respect. Stereotypes or overly dramatic portrayals can be not only inaccurate but also potentially harmful to readers who may be grappling with similar issues. The key is to handle the subject matter responsibly, making sure to treat the character as a complex individual whose condition is a part of their life, but not the sum total of who they are.

Acute Stress Disorder

Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) is a mental health condition that can occur in response to a traumatic event, similar to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, ASD is distinguished by its shorter duration, typically lasting from three days to four weeks following the traumatic event, and it may resolve without long-term impacts. Symptoms may include emotional numbness, reduced awareness of one’s surroundings, derealization, or intrusive thoughts. Because the disorder can be short-lived, it provides a unique opportunity to delve into a character’s immediate reactions to trauma and their coping mechanisms. As always, a responsible portrayal requires proper research or consultation to avoid perpetuating stigmas associated with mental health conditions.

In the realm of fantasy, the incorporation of a character with Acute Stress Disorder can add depth and urgency to your storyline. Following a traumatic event—be it the loss of a battle, the death of a close friend, or the failure of an important quest—such a character may become either emotionally withdrawn or overly clingy. If you’re writing about a team of adventurers, the group dynamics could change dramatically based on this character’s reactions. They might distance themselves, going on solo missions or avoiding communal gatherings, sparking concern or resentment among their comrades. Alternatively, they might become excessively dependent on one or more team members, seeking constant reassurance and companionship. These behavior shifts can be a potent source of internal and external conflict in the story, potentially either pulling the group apart or driving them closer together, depending on how other characters respond.

One of the defining behaviors of Acute Stress Disorder is a state of confusion or disorientation. In a high-stakes fantasy setting, this is not just a psychological symptom but a potential plot point. The character might make a critical error in judgment, misinterpret a prophecy, or forget an essential piece of a ritual. These mistakes, fueled by their disoriented mental state, can introduce significant obstacles or crises in the storyline, impacting not just the affected character but the entire group and their quest. Such errors can serve as catalytic events that propel the narrative forward, compelling other characters to adapt, react, or compensate for the unintended consequences.

Writing a character with Acute Stress Disorder offers a nuanced way to explore reactions to traumatic experiences, but it’s imperative to handle the representation carefully. While the condition adds an element of realism and psychological depth, it should not become the character’s defining feature. And just like any other character in your story, this individual should have their own set of goals, flaws, and virtues that exist independently of their temporary condition. This balanced approach ensures that you create a well-rounded, compelling character while treating mental health topics with the respect and dignity they deserve.

Fantasy Example

In J.R.R. Tolkien’s “The Lord of the Rings,” Frodo Baggins exhibits symptoms similar to PTSD following his return from Mordor. He is haunted by his experiences, finds little joy in his previous life, and ultimately chooses to leave Middle-earth. His character serves as a poignant example of the long-lasting impacts of trauma, even after the “victory” has been won.

In sum, trauma- and stressor-related disorders offer avenues for deep, meaningful character development while also necessitating a thoughtful, informed approach. They can serve as pivotal points around which relationships form, dissolve, or change, thereby advancing the plot in a manner that is emotionally resonant with the reader.

Additional Conditions

Beyond the conditions already outlined, there are a plethora of other psychological disorders and conditions that could be relevant to fantasy writing. These include but are not limited to:

Eating Disorders: Such as Anorexia or Bulimia, which could manifest in characters with intense focus on physical form, possibly influenced by societal norms in their world.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Like ADHD or Autism Spectrum Disorders, which could affect a character’s social interactions, focus, or sensory experiences.

Substance-Related Disorders: Dependency on or abuse of substances like alcohol or fictional magical potions, affecting judgment and behavior.

Personality Disorders: Such as Borderline or Narcissistic Personality Disorder, affecting interpersonal relationships and self-image.

Sleep Disorders: Like insomnia or nightmares, which could be brought on or worsened by magical or fantastical elements.

Sexual Disorders: These could be influenced by cultural norms or taboos in a fantasy setting.

Impulse Control Disorders: Such as kleptomania, which could make for a complex thief character who steals not out of necessity but due to an irresistible urge.

Somatic Symptom Disorders: Conditions where psychological stress manifests as physical symptoms, which could add layers to characters who seem physically ill but are actually under severe emotional distress.

Conclusion

Understanding the psychology of various disorders can enrich the characters you craft and make your fantasy worlds more immersive and emotionally compelling. When done right, these elements don’t just make for more complicated individuals; they create more complex interpersonal dynamics, intensify conflicts, and offer greater opportunities for character growth and plot development. Your readers will not just see characters swinging swords or casting spells; they’ll see individuals shaped by their minds as much as by their environments—characters that feel real.

Ethical Considerations

As we draw this chapter to a close, it’s crucial to underscore the importance of treating mental health conditions with the dignity and respect they deserve. Inaccurate or stigmatizing portrayals can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and contribute to real-world misunderstandings and prejudice. Consider consulting with experts or individuals who have lived experience with the conditions you are portraying. Aim to create characters that offer nuanced, empathetic portrayals of mental health—characters that enrich your storytelling and potentially broaden your readers’ understanding of the complexities of the human mind.

While the DSM for Fantasy Writers can serve as a resourceful guide, it is not a license to reduce characters to mere diagnoses or stereotypes. Let’s strive for stories that are both captivating and compassionate, for in the careful weaving of psychology and narrative, we find the most human stories of all.

[ 18. Nature vs. Nurture  | Contents | 20. The Psychology of Viliany ]

Last Modified: 10/05/2023