Secondary deviance | Definition

Understanding Secondary Deviance

Secondary deviance is a sociology concept that describes the process by which an individual’s initial act of deviance (primary deviance) elicits a social reaction that ultimately leads to further deviant behavior. This phenomenon is rooted in labeling theory, which suggests that labels applied by society can influence an individual’s self-identity and behavior.

Primary vs. Secondary Deviance

Primary Deviance

Primary deviance refers to the initial act of rule-breaking or deviant behavior that may not result in the individual being labeled as a deviant. This type of deviance is often minor and may go unnoticed by society or may be seen as a one-time occurrence. For example, a teenager shoplifting for the first time might be engaging in primary deviance.

Secondary Deviance

Secondary deviance occurs when a person’s primary deviance is labeled by society, leading to a change in their self-identity and behavior. The societal reaction, such as stigmatization or punishment, can reinforce the deviant identity, making the individual more likely to continue engaging in deviant behavior. This process can create a cycle where the individual internalizes the deviant label and acts accordingly.

The Role of Labeling Theory

Labeling theory, developed by sociologists like Howard Becker and Edwin Lemert, is central to understanding secondary deviance. According to this theory, deviance is not inherent in any act but is instead a result of the social labels applied to individuals. When someone is labeled as a deviant, they may begin to see themselves through the lens of that label, influencing their future behavior.

Stigmatization and Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Stigmatization occurs when society negatively labels an individual based on their deviant behavior. This stigma can have various effects, such as:

• Exclusion: The individual may be excluded from conventional social groups and activities, pushing them further into deviant circles.
• Self-Identity: The person might internalize the deviant label, seeing themselves primarily as a deviant and acting accordingly.
• Opportunities: The label can limit the individual’s opportunities for positive social interactions and success, reinforcing the deviant behavior.

The self-fulfilling prophecy is a critical aspect of secondary deviance. When an individual is labeled and treated as a deviant, they may begin to embody that role, fulfilling society’s expectations and continuing the cycle of deviance.

Examples of Secondary Deviance

Juvenile Delinquency

A common example of secondary deviance is seen in juvenile delinquency. When a young person commits a minor crime, such as vandalism or petty theft, and is labeled a “delinquent,” this label can follow them throughout their life. The stigma attached to being a delinquent can lead to further deviant behavior, as the individual might be ostracized from mainstream social groups and find acceptance only in other deviant subcultures.

Substance Abuse

Substance abuse can also illustrate secondary deviance. A person who experiments with drugs and is caught might be labeled a “drug addict.” This label can limit their opportunities for employment and social interaction, pushing them further into drug use and associated deviant behaviors. The societal reaction to their primary deviance (drug use) exacerbates the problem, leading to secondary deviance.

Mental Health

Individuals with mental health issues often experience secondary deviance as well. When someone with a mental illness is labeled as “crazy” or “unstable,” they may face social exclusion and discrimination. This stigma can worsen their mental health condition, leading to behaviors that reinforce the negative label and further marginalize them from society.

Impact of Secondary Deviance on Society

Social Control

The concept of secondary deviance highlights the role of social control in perpetuating deviant behavior. Social institutions, such as the criminal justice system, schools, and family structures, play a significant role in labeling individuals and shaping their behavior. The way society responds to deviance can either mitigate or exacerbate the issue.

Policy Implications

Understanding secondary deviance has important implications for policy and practice. Effective interventions should focus on:

• Reducing Stigmatization: Policies aimed at reducing the stigmatization of individuals who engage in deviant behavior can help break the cycle of secondary deviance.
• Rehabilitation and Support: Providing support and rehabilitation services for individuals labeled as deviant can help them reintegrate into society and reduce further deviant behavior.
• Restorative Justice: Implementing restorative justice practices that emphasize repairing harm and restoring relationships rather than punitive measures can mitigate the negative effects of labeling.

Conclusion

Secondary deviance is a crucial concept in sociology that underscores the impact of societal reactions to deviant behavior. By labeling individuals, society can inadvertently reinforce deviant behavior, creating a cycle that is difficult to break. Understanding this process highlights the importance of how we respond to deviance and the need for policies that reduce stigmatization and support rehabilitation. Through a compassionate and inclusive approach, society can better address the root causes of deviance and promote positive outcomes for individuals and communities.